Does the record identify one event or a sequence of related events?¶

One action can create several records, while several records with the same IP can be unrelated.

The short version¶

Group events using the system’s own identifiers and logic, not proximity in time or a repeated address alone.

What to compare¶

Look for session, event, request, connection, account, device or transaction identifiers. Then check:

• the order and direction of the events;
• account and device fields;
• precise timestamps and time zones;
• source and destination details; and
• whether the identifier can be reused or expires.

A login, session creation and download may be one sequence. Similar events from different users may occur in the same second.

An address can be shared by many users, and one user can change address between Wi-Fi, mobile, VPN or reconnect events. The IP therefore helps compare records but cannot define the sequence by itself.

Safe conclusion¶

The service grouped these entries under session S-4821, and their fields and timing are consistent with one recorded sequence.

That is different from proving that one device or person performed every action.