What is a virtual private server?¶
A virtual private server, or VPS, is a rented virtual computer that behaves like an independent server while sharing underlying physical hardware with other customers.
The customer usually has more control than with shared hosting. They may install software, configure services, create users and run several websites or applications.
Investigative significance¶
The public IP address normally belongs to the provider’s infrastructure. It does not identify the customer or actual user.
The provider may hold:
- customer and payment details;
- contact information;
- service dates;
- assigned IP addresses;
- access records; and
- support communications.
The VPS itself may hold website files, logs, credentials and configuration.
Attribution limits¶
The account may have been bought through a reseller, paid for with false or stolen details, shared between administrators or compromised.
VPS instances can be created, deleted or rebuilt quickly, and IP addresses can be reassigned.
Key takeaway
Link the relevant VPS account and administrative activity to a person at the relevant time. Do not treat the provider-owned IP address as personal attribution.